Confucius
Confucius (Chinese：孔夫子； pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ； Wade-Giles: K'ung-fu-tzu)，lit. “Master Kung，”September 28， 551 BC - 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher， whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese， Korean， Japanese， and Vietnamese thought and life.
His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality， correctness of social relationships， justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines， such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty(206 BC–220 AD). Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci， who was the first to Latinise the name as “Confucius.”
His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (论语)， a collection of “brief aphoristic fragments”， which was compiled many years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius，but for nearly 2，000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics such as the Classic of Rites (editor)， and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋) (author).
The Analects of Confucius论语
In the Analects, Confucius presents himself as a “transmitter who invented nothing”.He put the greatest emphasis on the importance of study，and it is the Chinese character for study (or learning) that opens the text. In this respect， he is seen by Chinese people as the Greatest Master.Far from trying to build a systematic theory of life and society or establish a formalism of rites， he wanted his disciples to think deeply for themselves and relentlessly study the outside world，mostly through the old scriptures and by relating the moral problems of the present to past political events (like the Annals) or past expressions of feelings by common people and reflective members of the elite (preserved in the poems of the Book of Odes).
In times of division, chaos， and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the Mandate of Heaven “天命” that could unify the “world” (i.e. China) and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times。Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism。 but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state， whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merit， not their parentage；these would be rulers devoted to their people, reaching for personal and social perfection. Such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.
One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. Because his moral teachings emphasise self-cultivation，emulation of moral exemplars， and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules， Confucius's ethics may be considered a type of virtue ethics. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument， and ethical ideals and methods are conveyed more indirectly， through allusions， innuendo， and even tautology. This is why his teachings need to be examined and put into proper context in order to be understood. A good example is found in this famous anecdote:
厩焚。子退朝，曰：“伤人乎？”不问马。
When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court， Confucius said，“Was anyone hurt?” He did not ask about the horses.
Analects X.11， tr. A. Waley
The passage conveys the lesson that by not asking about the horses， Confucius demonstrated that a sage values human beings over property; readers of this lesson are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confucius's， and to pursue ethical self-improvement if it would not. Confucius， an exemplar of human excellence， serves as the ultimate model， rather than a deity or a universally true set of abstract principles. For these reasons, according to many Eastern and Western commentators，Confucius's teaching may be considered a Chinese example of humanism.
Perhaps his most famous teaching was the Golden Rule stated in the negative form, often called the silver rule:
子贡问曰、有一言、而可以终身行之者乎。子曰、其恕乎、己所 不欲、勿施於人。
Adept Kung asked: “Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life？”
The Master replied: “How about 'shu': never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself？”
Analects XV.24, tr. David Hinton
Confucius's teachings were later turned into a very elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers who organised his teachings into the Analects. In the centuries after his death， Mencius and Xun Zi both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. In time， these writings， together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus known in the West as Confucianism. After more than a thousand years， the scholar Zhu Xi created a very different interpretation of Confucianism which is now called Neo-Confucianism， to distinguish it from the ideas expressed in the Analects. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China and Vietnam until the 1800s.
以上，希望对你有所帮助。
Confucius (Chinese：孔夫子； pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ； Wade-Giles: K'ung-fu-tzu)，lit. “Master Kung，”September 28， 551 BC - 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher， whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese， Korean， Japanese， and Vietnamese thought and life.
His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality， correctness of social relationships， justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines， such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty(206 BC–220 AD). Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci， who was the first to Latinise the name as “Confucius.”
His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (论语)， a collection of “brief aphoristic fragments”， which was compiled many years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius，but for nearly 2，000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics such as the Classic of Rites (editor)， and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋) (author).
The Analects of Confucius论语
In the Analects, Confucius presents himself as a “transmitter who invented nothing”.He put the greatest emphasis on the importance of study，and it is the Chinese character for study (or learning) that opens the text. In this respect， he is seen by Chinese people as the Greatest Master.Far from trying to build a systematic theory of life and society or establish a formalism of rites， he wanted his disciples to think deeply for themselves and relentlessly study the outside world，mostly through the old scriptures and by relating the moral problems of the present to past political events (like the Annals) or past expressions of feelings by common people and reflective members of the elite (preserved in the poems of the Book of Odes).
In times of division, chaos， and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the Mandate of Heaven “天命” that could unify the “world” (i.e. China) and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times。Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism。 but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state， whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merit， not their parentage；these would be rulers devoted to their people, reaching for personal and social perfection. Such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.
One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. Because his moral teachings emphasise self-cultivation，emulation of moral exemplars， and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules， Confucius's ethics may be considered a type of virtue ethics. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument， and ethical ideals and methods are conveyed more indirectly， through allusions， innuendo， and even tautology. This is why his teachings need to be examined and put into proper context in order to be understood. A good example is found in this famous anecdote:
厩焚。子退朝，曰：“伤人乎？”不问马。
When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court， Confucius said，“Was anyone hurt?” He did not ask about the horses.
Analects X.11， tr. A. Waley
The passage conveys the lesson that by not asking about the horses， Confucius demonstrated that a sage values human beings over property; readers of this lesson are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confucius's， and to pursue ethical self-improvement if it would not. Confucius， an exemplar of human excellence， serves as the ultimate model， rather than a deity or a universally true set of abstract principles. For these reasons, according to many Eastern and Western commentators，Confucius's teaching may be considered a Chinese example of humanism.
Perhaps his most famous teaching was the Golden Rule stated in the negative form, often called the silver rule:
子贡问曰、有一言、而可以终身行之者乎。子曰、其恕乎、己所 不欲、勿施於人。
Adept Kung asked: “Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life？”
The Master replied: “How about 'shu': never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself？”
Analects XV.24, tr. David Hinton
Confucius's teachings were later turned into a very elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers who organised his teachings into the Analects. In the centuries after his death， Mencius and Xun Zi both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. In time， these writings， together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus known in the West as Confucianism. After more than a thousand years， the scholar Zhu Xi created a very different interpretation of Confucianism which is now called Neo-Confucianism， to distinguish it from the ideas expressed in the Analects. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China and Vietnam until the 1800s.
以上，希望对你有所帮助。
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第1个回答 2008-07-23
Twenty-five hundred years ago life in China was very hard. Most of the people were hopelessly poor. Into these times one of China’s great leaders was born. He was Confucius. Confucius came from a noble family, but his parents were poor. His father died when Confucius was only three years old. The boy was a good and obedient son to his mother. He grew up to be quiet, thoughtful, and studious. As Confucius watched the people around him, he became eager to help them. At last he left his family and started out his students to be honest and kind, and to honor their parents. He taught them that a good man never lets himself get angry. Many of his savings were gathered together and written down. One of his famous savings is “Do not do to others what you do not wish others to do to you. “ For years he wandered from province to province spreading his ideas to all who would listen to him。
第2个回答 2008-07-23
这上面有，资料很全。自己去看吧！
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius
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