Abstract
The microbiological quality of effluents from different macrofiltration systems (pressure sand filter and disc filter)used as pre-treatment and membrane technologies (microfiltration and ultrafiltration) was evaluated in order to determine their possible application as alternatives to disinfection of urban wastewater prior to reutilization. Microbiologicalquality was determined by reference to nematode egg content, fecal coliforms, E.coli and somaticcoliphages. Pathogenic nematode eggs were efficiently retained by the macrofiltration systems. However, since othertypes of nematode eggs were present in the effluents treated by both systems, the possibility of such infective agentsappearing after this type of treatment cannot be discounted. The membrane technologies proved highly efficient atretaining micro-organisms, achieving effluents of excellent microbiological quality. However, the effluents could notbe classified as sterile, since contamination of permeation zones gave rise to the presence of micro-organisms. Thisresult casts doubt on the validity of using the fecal coliform indicator to assess microbiological quality of effluents fromthese systems. Differences between the two membrane technologies were noted with regard to viral particle retentioncapacity, with only the ultrafiltration module achieving effluents with total absence of fecal contamination indicators.The macrofiltration systems may present problems when used as pre-treatments to standard disinfection systems (UVradiation, reactive oxidant disinfection). Such problems do not arise with the membrane technologies, which offer avalid alternative for the disinfection of urban wastewater prior to reutilization.
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