Traffic Volume
The role of the traffic engineer is to enable all traffic to travel on the road at a reasonable speed and with an appropriate degree of safety. This is not the loading that is used in the Pavement Design. These values are used to determine the road width only.
With relation to the volume of traffic using the road, the passenger car is adopted as the standard unit and other vehicles are assessed in terms of passenger car units (pcu).
Differences in the urban and rural situations arise due to the variation of speeds in the two areas. Decisions on road width are not normally made on total traffic flow per day as this is misleading but rather on the peak hourly flow. In Britain the maximum permissible flow is 3,000 pcu/h for a two lane dual carriageway and 4,500 pcu/h for a three lane dual carriageway (motorway). For all purpose roads with junctions these figures reduce to 1,100 ‘‘and 1,900 pcu/h respectively.
Where the road is new, studies must be carried out to estimate the volume of traffic expected to use the road. Where the new road replaces existing roads this is not too difficult. If however the road is expected to change the flow of traffic then analysis should be carried out as to the volume and constitution of traffic on the new road. Matters are further complicated if the road is very long or provides access to or from a large town. Computer methods are now available to aid in this process. The constitution of traffic on the new road is of interest to the pavement engineer.
Traffic Loading
In this section, we will discuss the traffic loading that is taken forward to the pavement design section. Unlike in the above section where Passenger Car Units were the reference unit, we will work in Standard Axles. This is a reference unit to determine the average loading on a pavement by what is known as the standard axle. This then allows a total loading over the life of the pavement to be determined, normally in Millions of Standard Axles (msa).
请英语高手帮忙翻译一段文章,文章有点长,小弟表示歉意,不要用翻译器...
With relation to the volume of traffic using the road, the passenger car is adopted as the standard unit and other vehicles are assessed in terms of passenger car units (pcu).【与道路使用的交通流量有关,客运车被当作标准参照,其他车辆则以“客运车单位(pcu)”来进行描述。】Differences...
请英语高手帮忙翻译一段文章,文章有点长,小弟表示歉意,不要用翻译器...
The Process of earthworks is to excavate the existing land to a suitable level so that road construction may begin. The earthworks can take the form of either excavation in the form of cuts or the construction of embankments to carry an elevated highway. Normally in a road design...
求大神写一份英语道歉信,要求如下。不要软件翻译的。
Dear Mrs.Jones:Sorry to brother,i am Jim Jackson from the Heat company.I’m sorry for the trouble and inconvenience caused to you due to my fault.According to our contact, I should have helped you install the central heating system yesterday.But I couldn’t install it on tim...
请英文高手帮我翻译,文章有点长,但是急用,谢谢,注:不要用翻译工具翻,都...
Jiri Trnka was born in 1912 Austro-Hungarian Empire Pilsen (now the Czech Plzen), his parents were artisans and tailoring, Trnka to the operation theater of the dual master learning, so he laid a Doll in the animation is based on creativity, but also for his Works both in clo...
急求英语高手帮忙翻译下这篇英语文章,小弟跪谢了!!
小弟不才,英语很烂,眼前马上要交作业了,但是面对这篇洋洋洒洒的英语文章,确实难倒了我。希望有英语高手帮帮忙。小弟在此跪谢了。悬赏50分!!那篇文章太长了,我放在我的空间里了... 小弟不才,英语很烂,眼前马上要交作业了,但是面对这篇洋洋洒洒的英语文章,确实难倒了我。希望有英语高手帮帮忙。小弟在此跪谢了。
请大家帮忙用英语翻译一下这篇文章!不胜感激!!不要在线翻译的!要人工...
When you are boring, mood will not be bad if there is a music to relieve.When funerals come,spirit will be high if there is a music to add to the fun. At night when all is still,when loneliness comes,it can be released in music imperceptibly. Music's heat, can ignite...
...翻译以下文章,希望通顺连贯准确,最好不要用翻译软件,感谢各位_百度...
A, excellent professional skills The manager at the grassroots level is managers, and responsible for the specific work and business, so the qualities of personal excellent business ability is in the organization "let people convinced" as a precondition. At the same time, the enterprise...
请英语高手帮忙翻译一下下面这段英文,谢谢!(不要软件翻译的!麻烦...
Thank you. I risked being friends think shame on you risk please friends help. May I ask who can marry me or who can help me to look for a daughter-in-law? The demand is not high, then as an understanding wife and loving mother type. To care for the filial parents can...
跪求会意大利语的高手帮忙翻译下面的一段话,是巧克力包装上抄来的!有...
di controllo 控制机构 P.S.1。原文里面有些小错误,估计是你在输入时的打错的。我替你纠正了。2。哥们,20分的悬赏太少了,50分我觉得似乎更恰当。我这里不是跟你计较分数,不过意大利语是小语种,你这篇文章又比较长。合适的分数不仅是对回答者的合理"报偿",你也可以更快找到好的答案。
请高手帮忙翻译一下一篇英文文章
我们看这篇文章的立场开始就不对,难怪会觉得比较难。(我开始也一头雾水 )文章的翻译:wittwer展示作品主要根据1935年到1945年东部的普鲁士的一些照片而创作的。 作品描绘了在苏联军队占领以前当地的中产阶级看似田园诗意般的生活,这些中产阶级当中不乏纳粹党的党员。而Wittwer其中的水彩画和喷画作品却都...