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All points in the length of the beam, where the shear and bending moment are not equal to zero, and at locations other than the extreme fiber or neutral axis are subject to both shearing stresses and bending stresses. The combination of these stresses is of such a nature that maximum normal and shearing stresses at a point in a beam exist on planes that are inclined with respect to the axis of the beam. It can be shown that maximum and minimum normal stresses exist on two perpendicular planes. These planes are commonly called the principal planes, and the stresses that act on them are called principal stresses. The principal stresses in a beam subjected to shear and bending may be calculated using the following formula:
where fpr is the principal stress and f and v are the bending and shear stresses, respectively, calculated from Equation (4-1).
The orientation of the principal planes may be calculated using the following formula:
taα=2v/f (4-3)
where α is the angle measured from the horizontal.

在光线的长度中的所有翎骨针, 哪里修剪而且弯曲片刻是不相同对准零位, 而且在位置除了极端的纤维或者中立的枢椎之外两者都受制于修剪压迫力而且弯曲压迫力。 这些压迫力的组合是如此的一自然以致于最大值常态和剪羊毛压迫力在光线的一个翎骨针在被有关于光线的枢椎倾向的飞机上存在。 它能被显示最大值和最小量常态压迫力在二个垂直的飞机上存在。 这些飞机普遍被叫做主要的飞机，而且对他们有所反应的压迫力叫做主要的压迫力。 光线的主要的压迫力使修剪服从而且弯曲可能被计算使用下列的公式:
分别地， fpr 是主要的压迫力和 f 和 v 的地方是那个弯曲和修剪压迫力, 从相等计算。 (4-1)
主要飞机的定向可能被计算使用下列的公式:
ta α=2v/f(4-3)
在α是从水平线测量了的角度的地方。

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