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Lieberman and Montgomery (1988,p. 41) define first-mover advantage as “the ability of pioneering firms to earn positive economic profits (i.e., profits in excess of the cost of capital).” In many industries and product-markets, on average, surviving first-movers or early entrants have been found to command a higher market share than surviving non-innovative late entrants (e.g., Lambkin 1988; Shankar et al. 1998; Urban et al. 1986). This observed pattern of relationship suggests that under certain organizational and environmental conditions, early entry can be a normative strategy conducive to superior marketplace and financial performance, due to the competitive cost and differentiation advantages associated with being a first-mover ( Lieberman and Montgomery 1988; Kerin et al. 1992). However, extant research on the relationship between order of entry and survival is equivocal. While some studies report a higher failure ( lower survival ) rate for first-movers ( Lilien and Yoon 1990; Golder and Tellis 1993), others report a higher survival rate for first-movers ( Mascarenhas 1992; Robinson and Min 2002) . Research focusing on situational contexts in which the survival risks are higher vs lower for first-movers provide additional insights into this issue ( see, e.g., Srinivasan et al. 2004; Min et al. 2006; Suarez and Lanzolla 2007). Some studies highlight advantages for early followers over first-movers under specific conditions (e.g., Lilien and Yoon 1990; Shankar et al. 1999). A number of published works on first-mover advantage in the genre of integrative review articles ( Lieberman and Montgomery 1988; Kerin et al. 1992), meta-analysis ( Szymanski et al. 1995), and empirical generalizations ( Kalyanaram et al. 1995) also provide valuable insights.
Internet-enabled market environment

李伯曼和蒙哥马利(1988,第41页)将先行者优势定义为“先驱企业赢取经济利益的能力”(比如超出资本成本的利润)在许多行业以及产品市场中,根据平均数值统计,幸存下来的先行者或早期参与进来的竞争者相对于幸存下来的那些晚期的非创新型的竞争者而言已经控制了较高的市场占有率(比如:1988年的Lambkin;1998年的Shankar等其他公司;1986年的Urban等其他公司)这种经观察得出的关系模式表明:在特定的组织或环境条件下,由于先行者持有的成本上的优势以及差异化优势,早期就进入相关行业市场被视为一种标准的策略模式(该策略模式有益于上级市场和财务状况。(1988年的李伯曼和蒙哥马利;1992年的Kerin等其他人)。然而,关于市场进入的先后顺序与幸存者之间的关系的现存的研究是模棱两可的。当一些研究指出先行者有较高的失败率(低幸存率)的同时(1990年的Lilien和Yoon;1993年的Golder和Tellis),另一些研究则认为先行者有较高的幸存率(1992年的Mascarenhas;2002年的Robinson和Min)基于先行者提供的针对该问题的进一步的深入见解,注重于幸存几率较高的环境因素的研究(见例子:2004年的Srinivasan等其他人,2006年的Min等其他人,2007年的Suarez和Lanzolla)。某些研究强调在特定情况下,早期跟随者相对于先行者的优势(比如:1990年的Lilien和Yoon;1999年的Shankar等其他人)。许多关于先行者优势的以整合式形式出版的回顾性文章(1988年的李伯曼和蒙哥马利;1992年的Kerin等其他人),经典分析(1995年的Szymanski等其他人),以及经验概括(1995年的Kalyanaram等其他人)同样提供了非常有价值的观点。
基于互联网的市场环境

Research focusing on situational contexts in which the survival risks are higher vs lower for first-movers provide additional insights into this issue这句话实在是一点都看不懂
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