谁能帮我翻译一下 万分感谢!!!!
Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis
Pattern among Lineages
This option becomes available if the distance model you have selected has formulas that
allow the relaxation of the assumption of homogeneity of substitution patterns among
lineages.
Rates among Sites
This option becomes available if the distance model you have selected has
formulas that allow rate variation among sites. If you choose gamma distributed
rates, then the Gamma parameter option becomes visible.
Bootstrap method to compute standard error of distance estimates
When you choose the bootstrap method for estimating the standard error, you must specify
the number of replicates and the seed for the psuedorandom number generator. In each
bootstrap replicate, the desired quantity is estimated and the standard deviation of the
original values are computed (see Nei and Kumar [2000], page 25 for details).
It is possible that in some bootstrap replicates the quantity you desire is not calculable for
statistical or technical reasons. In these cases, MEGA will discard the results of the
bootstrap replicates and its final estimate will be the results of all valid replicates. This
means that the number of bootstrap replicates used can be smaller than the number
specified by the user. However, if the number of valid bootstrap replicates is < 25, then
MEGA will report that the standard error cannot be computed (an "n/c" swill appear in the
result window).
5.23 Compute Pariwise
5.24 Compute Means
5.25 Compute Sequence Diversity
5.3 Constructing Phylogenetic Trees
5.31 Phylogenetic Inference
Reconstruction of the evolutionary history of genes and species is currently one of
the most important subjects in molecular evolution. If reliable phylogenies are
produced, they will shed light on the sequence of evolutionary events that
generated the present day diversity of genes and species and help us to understand
the mechanisms of evolution as well as the history of organisms.
Phylogenetic relationships of genes or organisms usually are presented in a treelike
form with a root, which is called a rooted tree. It also is possible to draw a tree
without a root, which is called an unrooted tree. The branching pattern of a tree is
called a topology.
Part IV: Evolutionary Analysis
There are numerous methods for constructing phylogenetic trees from molecular
data (Nei and Kumar 2000). They can be classified into Distance methods,
Parsimony methods, and Likelihood methods. These methods are explained in
Swofford et al. 1996, Li (1997), Page and Holmes (1998), and Nei and Kumar
(2000).
5.32 NJ/UPGMA Methods
Analysis Preferences (NJ/UPGMA)
这个选择变得可利用如果您选择了的距离模型有惯例那 允许代替样式同质性的做法的放松在之中 后裔率在站点之中
这个选择变得可利用如果您选择了的距离模型有 允许率变异在站点之中的惯例。如果您选择伽玛被分布 率, 伽玛参量选择然后变得可看见。 引导方法计算距离估计标准误差 当您选择引导方法为估计标准误差, 您必须指定 复制品的数量和种子为psuedorandom 编号发电器。在每个 引导复制品, 渴望的数量估计和标准偏差 原始的价值被计算(参见Nei 并且Kumar [ 2000 年], 呼叫25 为细节) 。 它是可能的, 在一些引导复制品您渴望的数量不是可计算的为 统计或技术原因。在这些情况下, 兆意志摈除结果的 引导复制品和它最后的估计将是所有合法的复制品的结果。这 意味, 引导复制品的数量被使用可能小比数字 由用户指定。但是, 如果合法的引导复制品的数量是< 25, 然后 兆意志报告, 标准误差无法被计算("n/c" swill 出现在 结果窗口) 。
5.23 估计Pariwise
5.24 估计意味
5.25 估计序列变化
5.3 修建种系发生的树
5.31 种系发生的推断
基因和种类的演变历史的重建当前是一 最重要的主题在分子演变。如果可靠发展史是 生产, 他们将显示清楚演变事件序列那 基因现在引起的变化和种类和帮助我们了解 演变机制并且有机体的历史。 基因或有机体种系发生的关系通常被提出在treelike 形成以根, 称一棵根源的树。它并且是可能画树 没有根, 称unrooted 树。树的分支的样式是 叫拓扑结构。 第部分IV: 演变分析 有许多方法为修建种系发生的树从分子 数据(Nei 和Kumar 2000) 。他们可能被分类入距离方法, Parsimony 方法, 和可能方法。这些方法被解释 Swofford 等1996 年, 李(1997), Page 和Holmes (1998), 和Nei 和Kumar (2000) 。 5.32 NJ/UPGMA 方法 分析特选(NJ/UPGMA)
