与现在完成时连用的标志性的词是：since,for, before(有时也与过去完成时连用）， just, already, yet等词。
看看下面这几个例句或许会有帮助。
I have been in Wuhan since 1997.
I have been in Wuhan for 12 years.(用2009减去1997得出的具体年数）
所以可以知道：since的用法是：since+时间点, for + 一段时间。
since 还可以用于下面的现在完成时中：
She has arrived in Scotland since two days ago.
I’ve known him since we were children.
所以 since 后还可以加一段时间+ ago, since 后可加从句。
需要注意的是，现完有个较难的就是非延续动词转延续性动词，看看吧，也试着练练
①arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw.
→ be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be there
1) He got to Beijing five minutes ago.
He ________ _________ _________ Beijing for _________ _________.
2) I moved to the USA last year.
I ________ ________ __________ the USA since __________ __________.
3) I went home yesterday.
I _______ ________ _________ home for _________ __________.
4) They came here last week.
They _________ _________ here since _________ __________.
②come/go back, return → be back come/go out → be out
1) He came out two years ago.
He _________ __________ _________ for __________ __________.
2) We return to Fuzhou yesterday.
We ________ ________ _________ to Fuzhou since __________.
③become → be
1) I became a teacher in 2000.
I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________.
2) The river became dirty last year.
The river _________ _________ dirty for _________ __________.
④close → be closed open → be open
1) The shop closed two hours ago.
The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________.
2) The door opened at six in the morning.
The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.
⑤get up → be up； die → be dead； leave sw. → be away from sw.
fall asleep/get tot sleep → be asleep； finish/end → be over；
marry → be married；
1) I got up two hours ago.
I ________ ________ ________ since ________ ________.
2) He left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
3) My grandpa died in 2002.
My grandpa _______ _______ ________for _______ ________.
4) The meeting finished at six.
The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours.
5) I got to sleep two hours ago.
I ________ _________ _________ since _________ _________.
6) They married in 1990.
They ________ _________ __________since _________.
⑥start/begin to do sth. → do sth. ；begin → be on
1) I began to teach at this school in 1995.
I ____ ____ at this school since ____.
2) The film began two minutes ago.
The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.
⑦borrow → keep； lose → not have ；buy → have ；put on → wear
catch/get a cold → have a cold； get to know → know
1) They borrowed it last week.
They _________ _________ it since __________ __________.
2) I bought a pen two hours ago.
I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.
3) I got to know him last year.I _______ _______ him since __________ __________.
4) I put on my glasses three years ago.
I __________ __________ my glasses for _________ _________.
⑧have/has gone to → have been in
He has gone to Beijing.
He ____ ____ _____ Beijing for two days.
⑨join the league/the Party/the army
→ be a league/a Party member/a soldier
→ be a member of the league/the Party
→ be in the league/the Party/the army
1) He joined the league in 2002.
He ________ _________ a _________ _________ for two years.
He _______ _________ a __________ ___________ the __________ for two years.
He ____________ ___________ ___________ the league for two years.
2) My brother joined the army two years ago.
My brother ________ __________ a ___________ for ___________ ___________.
My brother __________ ___________ in ____________ ___________ for two years.
这以上几条是必须要记下来的哦！
再来说说定从吧，
有关定语从句的概念
(1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。
(2)先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词不仅起连接作用，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。
This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。
注意：句中修饰the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词；代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。
2. 关系代词的一般用法
先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。
This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)
The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语，可以省略)
3. 关 关系副词有when, where, why，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词；where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词；why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词＋which”代替，why可用for which代替。
There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。
(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语)
比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作主语)
(2) I’ll never forget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语)
习惯上要用that引导的定语从句
(1)当先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one时，或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。
All that can be done has been done. 能做的都已经做了。
He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。
There is little work that is fit for you. 没什么工作适合你做。
I have eaten all the food that is left. 我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。
(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very等修饰时。
This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.这是我到这里后所看的第一场电影。
This is the best that has been used against pollution. 这是用来防止污染的最好办法。
This is the very book that I am looking for. 这正是我一直在寻找的那本书。
(3)先行词包括人和物时。
They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in. 他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事。
(4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用that引导。如：
Which is the house that caught fire last night? 昨晚失火的是那座房子？
Who is the lady that is playing the piano? 在弹钢琴的那位小姐是谁？
习惯上不用that引导的定语从句
(1)在非限制性定语从句中，不以能用that引导。
Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excided. 昨天我碰到了玛丽，她显得非常兴奋。
(2)直接在介词后作宾语时，不能用that引导，要用whom, whose或which，且不能省略。
The house in which we live is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。
I know the young man with whom you live. 我认识和你住在一起的那个年青人。
但当介词放在从句的末尾时，可以用that替代which, who替代whom，也可以省略关系代词。如：
The house (which/that) we live in is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。
I know the man (whom/who/that) you live with. 我认识和你住在一起的那个人。
(3)当先行词是指人的all, any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone, those, people, he等时，只能用who。
None so blind as those who won't see. 睁眼不看事实的人眼最瞎。
Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。
I met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一个人，他说认识你。
He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. (谚)欲加之罪,何患无辞。
(4)当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时。
I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 有位新校长明天来，他将教你们德语。
好了，你先看看，有不明白的地方再给我发消息！
听老师讲后自己翻书多做题，你唯一能学好英语的方法便是多做几道题目（我么有说题海哈）
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