几个哲学术语帮忙解释一下！！！最好英文的

pragmatism：
A movement consisting of varying but associated theories, originally developed by Charles S. Peirce and William James and distinguished by the doctrine that the meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences.
实用主义：由查尔斯·S·皮尔斯及威廉·姆斯所创立的一种由各种不同的但又相互联系的理论组成的哲学运动，其特点是提出了概念或建议的意义存在于其可观察到的实际结果中的学说

empiricism：
The view that experience, especially of the senses, is the only source of knowledge.
经验主义：经验，尤指感性经验是认识的唯一源泉的观点

rationalism：
The theory that the exercise of reason, rather than the acceptance of empiricism, authority, or spiritual revelation, provides the only valid basis for action or belief and that reason is the prime source of knowledge and of spiritual truth.
唯理论，理性主义：认为理性分析，而不是对经验主义，权威或神灵感应是信仰和行动的源泉的理论，还认为理性是知识和精神真理的主要来源

absolutism：
A political theory holding that all power should be vested in one ruler or other authority.
专制主义，绝对主义：一种所有权力都应该掌握在一个统治者或其它权力机构的政治理论

dogmatism：
Arrogant, stubborn assertion of opinion or belief.
教条主义：对某意见或信条的傲慢而固执的论断

pragmatism: A movement consisting of varying but associated theories, originally developed by Charles S. Peirce and William James and distinguished by the doctrine that the meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences.
【哲学】 实用主义：由查尔斯·S·皮尔斯及威廉·姆斯所创立的一种由各种不同的但又相互联系的理论组成的哲学运动，其特点是提出了概念或建议的意义存在于其可观察到的实际结果中的

empiricism:the doctrine that all knowledge is derived from sense experience. 经验主义

rationalism: The theory that the exercise of reason, rather than the acceptance of empiricism, authority, or spiritual revelation, provides the only valid basis for action or belief and that reason is the prime source of knowledge and of spiritual truth.
【哲学】 唯理论，理性主义：认为理性分析，而不是对经验主义，权威或神灵感应是信仰和行动的源泉的理论，还认为理性是知识和精神真理的主要来源

absolutism:any theory holding that values, principles, etc., are absolute and not relative, dependent, or changeable专制主义

dogmatism:dogmatic character; unfounded positiveness in matters of opinion; arrogant assertion of opinions as truths. 教条主义

pragmatism
A movement consisting of varying but associated theories, originally developed by Charles S. Peirce and William James and distinguished by the doctrine that the meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences.

empiricism
The theory that all concepts emanate from experience and that all statements claiming to express knowledge must be based on experience rather than on theory. Valid statements must be based on what can be proved to exist, not on what appears to exist. This is known as ontological privilege since ontology relates to the being or essence of things. Such statements must be able to be declared true or false without reference to theoretical statements. This is epistemological privilege since epistemology is the study of knowledge. Knowledge is held to be substantiated by justification derived from observed facts.

rationalism
Philosophical view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge. Rationalism has long been the rival of empiricism, the doctrine that all knowledge of matters of fact ultimately derives from, and must be tested by, sense experience. As against this doctrine, rationalism holds reason to be a faculty that can lay hold of truths beyond the reach of sense perception, both in certainty and in generality. In stressing the existence of a "natural light," rationalism also has been the rival of systems claiming esoteric knowledge, whether from mystical experience, revelation, or intuition, and has been opposed to various irrationalisms that tend to stress the biological, the emotional or volitional, the unconscious, or the existential at the expense of the rational.

absolutism
Originally (1733) a theological concept referring to God's total power to decide about salvation. Extended to politics indicating a regime in which the ruler might legitimately decide anything. Usually applied to monarchical regimes of the early modern period, chiefly that of Louis XIV of France, although the term was not used politically until towards the end of the eighteenth century when many such regimes were about to disappear. Unlike tyrannies, absolutist regimes are usually seen to have been legitimate, as indicated by Louis XVI of France in November 1788, just before the French Revolution, when he said to his cousin, the duc d'Orléans (father of the future king Louis Philippe, 1830-48), that any decision he made was legal because he willed it. Some contemporary historians deny that absolutism ever referred to an unlimited power or authority, but was always restricted by traditions and practices which effectively limited its scope.

Dogmatism
Dogmatism denies the relativity of knowledge and the connection of knowledge to historically changing practice and social relations. Dogmatism couplies these denials with the practice of treating knowledge as something abstract, not to be touched by additional input or real world experience. Dogmatism is thinking which minimises the validity of doubt (See Scepticism), asserting the possibility of certain and unalterable knowledge of the world.本回答被提问者采纳

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