Solubility Studies of Organic Flame Retardants in Supercritical CO2
Thomas Gamse,*,† Franz Steinkellner,† Rolf Marr,† Paolo Alessi,‡ and Ireneo Kikic‡
Institut fu¨ r Thermische Verfahrenstechnik und Umwelttechnik, Technische Universitaet Graz, Inffeldgasse 25,
A-8010 Graz, Austria, and DICAMP, University of Trieste, Piazza Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
Solubility measurements and calculations were performed for two mainly used flame retardants,
for hexabromcyclododecane and for tetrabrombisphenyl-A. For the solubility studies different
pressures (200, 300, 400, and 500 bar) and temperatures (25, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C) were
investigated. The experimental data were fitted by means of the Chrastil equation. With this
rather simple model the solubility behavior of the solid substances in supercritical carbon dioxide
can be described with high accuracy.
Introduction
In the field of polymer recycling and/or disposal (e.g.,
polymer composites of mass consumer products such as
electronic waste), new techniques are highly required.
Most of the electronic waste contains flame retardants,
mainly halogenated organic substances. In many recycling
processes plastics are incinerated and the formation
of halogenated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans
cannot be avoided. One promising way to separate
halogenated flame retardants from polymer matrixes is
the extraction by supercritical fluids such as supercritical
carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). The advantage of this
process is that the polymer as well as the flame
retardant can be recycled, especially advantageous
because flame retardants are relatively high-priced
products.
Before extraction experiments can be started, the
solubility behavior has to be known and up to now only
little data on flame retardants in combination with
supercritical CO2 are available in the literature.1,2 For
this reason solubility data for the two mainly used flame
retardants, for hexabromcyclododecane (HBCD) and for
tetrabrombisphenyl-A (TBBA), were performed in a
wide range of pressures and temperatures
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