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doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.11.004

Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
Experimental evaluation of the growth rate of mould on finishes for indoor housing environments: Effects of the 2002/91/EC directive

Marco D'Orazioa, , , Marco Palladinia, Lucia Aquilantib and Francesca Clementib

aDepartment of Architecture Construction and Structures - DACS, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy

bDepartment of Food Science, Agricultural-Engineering, Physics, Agricultural Economics and Landscape Science - SAIFET, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy

Received 15 May 2008; revised 3 November 2008; accepted 5 November 2008. Available online 21 November 2008.

Abstract
We report the results of a study to evaluate the growth rate of three species of mould on plasters, finishes and paints typically used in structures with heavy weight building envelopes. The aim was to determine the influence of the chemical composition (in terms of organic fraction of the materials) on the growth rate of moulds. The study was carried out in the following steps: – characterization of materials; – inoculation of mould spores (3 species) on 7 types of material (2 plasters, 3 finishes, 2 paints); – growth in a climatic chamber (23 °C and 90% RH); – analysis of the mould growth rate using various experimental techniques (fluorescence microscopy analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, etc.). Results show a clear correlation between the organic substances contained in paints, plasters and finishes and the growth rate of the mould.

This study is part of a more general research program which addresses the effects on indoor environment air quality based on the European directive 2002/91/EC. This directive specifically indicates that energy consumption in buildings should be limited and sets threshold values for the thermal resistance of the building walls and windows. As a consequence window manufacturers are improving the thermal property of windows by reducing the air permeability, which may increase the indoor and surface relative humidity percentage (RH%) and lead to the development of mould in the indoor environments.

Keywords: Mould; Plaster; Paint; Biocontamination

Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Steps, materials, methods
2.1. Steps
2.2. Materials
2.3. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary characterization
3.2. Growth rate of the mould
3.3. Correlation between the mould growth area and the content of organic substances
4. Conclusions
References

1. Introduction
The tendency in industrialized countries to reduce energy consumption has been accelerated in the EC member states by the introduction of the 2002/91/EC directive [1].

In fact, this directive fixed the minimum requirements which must be respected when building new structures and when renovating existing buildings so as to have a more effective reduction in energy consumption for the air-conditioning of indoor environments.

This strategy has, however, led to some undesired effects. Windows manufacturers are currently producing systems with low permeability (class A4 UNI EN 12207, 2000) in order to obtain better thermal performance.

A reduction in permeability, in buildings which are already characterized by a limited amount of air exchange, can increase the indoor and surface RH% in winter [16]. Consequently there may be an increased growth of mould species on some parts of the walls.

Numerous studies have been conducted in recent years to address the environmental aspects that favour the growth and the subsequent sporulation of fungi species. Rousseau [2] and Hud [3], indicate the following factors: oxygen availability; a suitable temperature range; a substrate of deposit that acts as nourishment; and a certain degree of humidity [4], [34] and [36]. Krus et al. [5] have studied these conditions, together with a series of other specific factors that can influence the growth of fungi: pH value and the roughness of the substrate on which the mould grows, the light, the biotic interaction and the exposure time. Baughman and Arens [6] have underlined that, although moulds can grow at temperatures between 0 °C and 40 °C, a range going from 22 °C to 35 °C can be considered optimal for the species that are most frequently found inside buildings. On the contrary, the level of airborne spores in the indoor environment, which is one of the conditions able to influence the development of moulds, is dependent on seasonal changes in the external environment [7]. Adan [7] has verified that there are a considerable number of buildings that offer favourable temperature conditions for the germination and the growth of mould on construction material and indoor environment finishes.

Sedlbauer [8], [9], [10] and [11] has recently completed an important research and development study of models which are able to estimate mould growth inside buildings, classifying the various materials.

These different authors appear to be in agreement, however, in indicating that different kinds of fungi require minimum levels of humidity in the support surface material in order to proliferate and these values vary for different species [6], [12] and [35]. Ayerst [12] has conducted experiments in order to characterize the ideal conditions and the minimum values of humidity required in the substrate for mildew formation. These experiments indicate a range between 71% and 94%, according to the fungi species.

Moulds (typically present on construction materials) can be separated into three groups on the basis of their water activity (aw) [13]: primer colonizer or storage moulds, capable of growing at aw < 0.8; secondary colonizer or phyllophane fungi, requiring a minimum aw between 0.8 and 0.9; and tertiary colonizer or water-damage moulds, needing aw > 0.9. The last class includes the most toxic mould species for human health.

Although each species has a preferential humidity for growth, the International Energy Agency [33] indicates an average RH% of 80% as the critical threshold for mould development. A reduction in moisture content in building materials to below 80% RH% is, therefore, the way to reduce mould growth.

Only a limited amount of information is available about the influence of the composition of the finish materials on the germination and development, in terms of percentage, of moulds.

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