第1个回答 2010-11-13
形容词和副词
I. 形容词:
1. 形容词的位置:
1) 形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:
1 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible
2 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible
3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the only person awake
4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long
5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful
6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:
代词 数词 性状形容词
冠词前的形容词 冠词
指示代词
不定代词
代词所有格 序数词 基数词 性质
状态 大小
长短
形状 新旧
温度 颜色 国籍
产地 材料
质地 名词
all
both
such the
a
this
another
your second
next one
four beautiful
good
poor large
short
square new
cool black
yellow Chinese
London silk
stone
3) 复合形容词的构成:
1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词 world-famous
2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving
3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered
4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged
5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 数词+名词 twenty-year
II. 副词
副词的分类:
1 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 频度副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never
2 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why
3 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
4 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 关系副词 when, where, why
III. 形容词和副词比较等级:
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如:I am not so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying day.
5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
情态动词
I. 情态动词基本用法:
情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答
can 能力(体力,智力,技能)
允许或许可(口语中常用)
可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中) can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…?
Yes,…can.
No,…can’t.
could couldn’t do
may 可以(问句中表示请求)
可能,或许(表推测)
祝愿(用于倒装句中) may not do May…do…? Yes,…may.
No,…mustn’t/can’t.
might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might
No,…might not.
must 必须,应该(表主观要求)
肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测) must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? Yes,…must.
No,…needn’t/don’t have to.
have to 只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化) don’t have to do Do…have to do…?
Yes,…do. No,…don’t.
ought to 应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用should ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…?
Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.
shall 将要,会
用于一三人称征求对方意见
用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…?
Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t.
should 应当,应该(表义务责任)
本该(含有责备意味) should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…?
will 意愿,决心
请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉 will not/won’t do Will…do…?
Yes,…will. No,…won’t.
would would not/wouldn’t do
dare 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中) dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…?
Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t.
need 需要
必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中) need not/needn’t do Need…do…?
Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.
used to 过去常常(现在已不再) used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do
didn’t use to do Used…to do…?
Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t.
Did…use to do…?
Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.
II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测:
以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。
1. must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
2. may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中)
III. 情态动词注意点:
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。
2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。
3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…?
做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
八.非谓语动词
I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:
非谓语形式 构成 特征和作用
时态和语态 否定式 复合结构
不定式 to do
to be doing
to have done to be done
to have been done 在非谓语前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名词,副词和形容词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语
分词 现在分词 doing
having done being done
having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用
在句中做定、表、宾补和状语
过去分词 done
动名词 doing
having done being done
having been done sb’s doing 具有名词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定和表语
II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较:
情况 常用动词
只接不定式做宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)
need, want, require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式)
意义相反 stop to do 停止手中事,去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未发生)
remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生) go on to do(接着做另外一件事)
go on doing(接着做同一件事)
try to do(设法,努力去做,尽力)
try doing(试试去做,看有何结果) mean to do(打算做,企图做)
mean doing (意识是,意味着)
can’t help to do(不能帮忙做) can’t help doing(忍不住要做)
III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:
常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句
不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成 I heard him call me several times.
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
现在分词
notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行,尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio.
过去分词 动宾关系。动作已经完成,多强调状态 We found the village greatly changed.
IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别:
区别 举例
不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 I have a lot of papers to type.
I have a lot of papers to be typed.
动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool?
现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 the boiling water / the boiled water
the developing country/the developed country
the falling leaves / the fallen leaves
过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成
V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:
区别 举例
不定式 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。 My dream is to become a teacher.
To obey the law is important.
(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用)
动名词 与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 It is no use saying that again and again.
Teaching is my job.
分词 无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。
现在分词多含有“令人…, , ”之意,说明主语的性质特征,多表示主动,主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到…”之意,主语多是人。 The situation is encouraging.
The book is well written.
(常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)