中英文在线翻译

Community tourism analysts tend to assume, often implicitly, that the planning and policy process is a pluralistic one in which people have equal access to economic and political resources. This assumption runs through ecological models of tourism planning (Murphy 1985) as well as more general assumptions about the nature of tourism. For example, the tourism system is frequently described as highly fragmented (Shaw and Williams 1994). This observation has led to the assumption that “no single organization or individual can exert direct control over the destination’s development process” (Jamal and Getz 1995:193). In the most narrow interpretation, it is true that individuals often rely on coalitions with other private or public individuals or agencies. Yet, such an interpretation masks the pivotal role that actions of individuals can have at the local scale. For example, the success of Chemainus, Canada as a tourism destination is largely attributable to the initiative and promotion of one person (Barnes and Hayter 1992). At a larger scale, the design and management of Disney World in Florida have created problems in Greater Orlando (e.g., transportation, housing, poverty) that residents perceive are exacerbated by, if not entirely created by, the Disney Corporation (Warren 1993).